If you’re looking for the best 4TB USB-C external SSD in 2026, I recommend models like the Samsung T7, SanDisk Extreme Portable, Crucial X10 Pro, and SanDisk Extreme PRO USB4 for their speed and durability. These drives offer fast transfer rates, rugged designs, and broad compatibility, making them perfect for professionals, creatives, or anyone needing reliable storage on the go. Keep exploring, and I’ll help you find the perfect match for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Prioritize drives with transfer speeds of 2,000 MB/s or higher for fast data transfer in 2026.
- Choose rugged, IP65-rated models like Samsung T7 Shield or SanDisk Extreme for durability in tough environments.
- Ensure broad compatibility with USB-C, Thunderbolt 4, and support for PCs, Macs, and mobile devices.
- Opt for drives with built-in security features such as AES encryption and password protection for data safety.
- Consider professional-grade options like Crucial X10 Pro or SanDisk Extreme PRO USB4 for high reliability and performance.
| Samsung T7 4TB Portable SSD with USB 3.2 Gen 2 | ![]() | Best Overall | Speed: Up to 1,050/1,000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Shock-resistant, fall-protected up to 6 ft | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD Water-Resistant | ![]() | Most Rugged | Speed: Up to 1050/1000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Drop protection up to 3 meters, water/dust resistant (IP65) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Crucial X10 Pro 4TB Portable SSD USB-C | ![]() | Professional Choice | Speed: Up to 2,100/2,000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Drop resistant up to 7.5 ft, IP55 water/dust resistance | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Samsung T7 Shield 4TB Portable SSD Rugged and Water-Resistant | ![]() | Best Durability | Speed: Up to 1,050/1,000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Drop resistant up to 9.8 ft, water/dust resistant (IP65) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Crucial X10 4TB Portable SSD with USB-C | ![]() | High-Speed Performance | Speed: Up to 2,100/2,000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Drop resistant up to 3 meters, dust/water resistant (IP65) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD with Water Resistance | ![]() | Best Water Resistance | Speed: Up to 1050/1000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Drop protection up to 3 meters, dust/water resistant (IP65) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD with USB-C | ![]() | Creator’s Favorite | Speed: Up to 1050/1000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Drop resistant up to 3 meters, water/dust resistant (IP65) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Crucial X9 Pro 4TB Portable SSD for Creators | ![]() | All-Weather Resilience | Speed: Up to 1050/1050 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Drop resistant up to 7.5 ft, dust/water resistant (IP55/IP65) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Samsung T9 4TB Portable SSD with USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 | ![]() | Fast & Reliable | Speed: Up to 2,000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Drop resistant up to 7.5 ft, dust/water resistant (IP55/IP65) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| ORICO 4TB External SSD with USB-C Cable | ![]() | Heavy-Duty Champion | Speed: Up to 460 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: Dust and drop resistant, rugged design | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SanDisk 4TB Extreme PRO Portable SSD with USB4 | ![]() | Compact & Portable | Speed: Up to 3,800/3,700 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: IP65 water/dust resistant, drop resistant up to 3 meters | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| SanDisk 4TB Extreme PRO Portable SSD with USB-C | ![]() | Long-Term Reliability | Speed: Up to 2000 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: IP65 water/dust resistant, drop resistant up to 3 meters | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Crucial X9 4TB Portable SSD with USB-C | ![]() | Top Speed | Speed: Up to 3,800/3,700 MB/s | Capacity: 4TB | Resistance/Durability: IP65 water/dust resistance, forged aluminum chassis | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Samsung T7 4TB Portable SSD with USB 3.2 Gen 2
If you’re looking for a reliable and high-performance external SSD for creative work or gaming, the Samsung T7 4TB Portable SSD with USB 3.2 Gen 2 is an excellent choice. It offers 4TB of storage and blazing fast read/write speeds up to 1,050/1,000 MB/s thanks to PCIe NVMe technology. Its compact, shock-resistant aluminum build can withstand falls up to 6 feet, making it perfect for on-the-go use. Compatible with PCs, phones, and other devices, it’s ideal for video editing, gaming, and backups. Plus, Samsung’s trusted brand guarantees quality, durability, and a smooth user experience.
- Speed:Up to 1,050/1,000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Shock-resistant, fall-protected up to 6 ft
- Connectivity:USB 3.2 Gen 2
- Security:Firmware-based, reliable
- Size & Portability:Compact, portable
- Additional Feature:Solid aluminum unibody construction
- Additional Feature:Supports recording 4K 60fps videos
- Additional Feature:Backed by trusted Samsung brand
SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD Water-Resistant
The SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD is an excellent choice for anyone who needs durable, high-speed storage on the go, especially in rugged conditions. It offers NVMe performance with speeds up to 1050MB/s read and 1000MB/s write, making large transfers quick and effortless. Designed with USB-C and USB 3.2 Gen 2, it’s compatible with most devices. Built for toughness, it withstands drops up to 3 meters and features IP65 water and dust resistance. Its compact design includes a carabiner loop, and security is solid with 256-bit AES encryption and password protection. It’s reliable, portable, and ideal for demanding environments.
- Speed:Up to 1050/1000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Drop protection up to 3 meters, water/dust resistant (IP65)
- Connectivity:USB-C, USB 3.2 Gen 2
- Security:256-bit AES hardware encryption, password protect
- Size & Portability:Small, lightweight
- Additional Feature:Water-resistant IP65 rating
- Additional Feature:Includes secure carabiner loop
- Additional Feature:256-bit AES hardware encryption
Crucial X10 Pro 4TB Portable SSD USB-C
Designed for professional creators who need lightning-fast data transfer, the Crucial X10 Pro 4TB Portable SSD stands out with speeds reaching up to 2,100MB/s read and 2,000MB/s write. This guarantees seamless workflows, especially when handling large files like high-resolution photos or 8K videos. Built for durability, it’s IP55 water and dust resistant and drop resistant up to 7.5 feet, making it perfect for field work. Its compatibility spans Windows, Mac, Linux, gaming consoles, and mobile devices via USB-C and USB-A. Compact and reliable, it also offers security features like password protection and includes useful software for backup and photo management.
- Speed:Up to 2,100/2,000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Drop resistant up to 7.5 ft, IP55 water/dust resistance
- Connectivity:USB-C, USB-A
- Security:SSD password protection
- Size & Portability:Compact, portable
- Additional Feature:IP55 all-weather resistance
- Additional Feature:Includes three months software
- Additional Feature:Designed for professional creators
Samsung T7 Shield 4TB Portable SSD Rugged and Water-Resistant
For anyone needing a durable, high-speed portable SSD that can withstand tough environments, the Samsung T7 Shield 4TB is an excellent choice. It delivers impressive read/write speeds up to 1,050/1,000 MB/s using PCIe NVMe technology, compatible with PC, Mac, Android, and gaming consoles. Designed for adventure, it’s drop-resistant up to 9.8 feet and features an IP65 rating for water and dust resistance. Its rugged outer shell, compact size, and advanced heat management guarantee reliable performance outdoors or on the go. With Samsung’s trusted quality, software support, and a 30-day return policy, it’s a top pick for demanding users.
- Speed:Up to 1,050/1,000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Drop resistant up to 9.8 ft, water/dust resistant (IP65)
- Connectivity:USB 3.2 Gen 2
- Security:Software management, security features included
- Size & Portability:Small, rugged
- Additional Feature:Rugged elastomer outer shell
- Additional Feature:Dynamic Thermal Guard technology
- Additional Feature:Certified CE, FCC, UL
Crucial X10 4TB Portable SSD with USB-C
If you’re looking for a portable SSD that combines blazing-fast speeds with rugged durability, the Crucial X10 4TB Portable SSD with USB-C is an excellent choice. It delivers read speeds up to 2,100MB/s, making large file transfers quick and effortless. With 4TB of storage, it’s perfect for creators, gamers, and professionals needing ample space. Designed to withstand tough conditions, it boasts IP65 dust and water resistance and can survive drops up to 9.8 feet. Its compact size and compatibility across Windows, Mac, Android, and gaming consoles make it versatile. Plus, with included backup software and a solid warranty, it’s a reliable, high-performance option for on-the-go storage.
- Speed:Up to 2,100/2,000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Drop resistant up to 3 meters, dust/water resistant (IP65)
- Connectivity:USB-C, USB-A
- Security:Password protection, hardware encryption
- Size & Portability:Pocket-sized
- Additional Feature:Fast transfer speeds up to 2,100MB/s
- Additional Feature:IP65 dust and water resistant
- Additional Feature:Includes backup software
SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD with Water Resistance
The SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD with Water Resistance stands out as an ideal choice for professionals and adventurers who need a rugged, reliable external drive. It offers blazing NVMe speeds up to 1050MB/s read and 1000MB/s write, based on internal testing. Its IP65 rating guarantees water and dust resistance, while up to 3-meter drop protection adds durability. The compact design features a carabiner loop for easy attachment. Plus, it includes password protection with 256-bit AES hardware encryption for security. Compatibility with USB-C and USB 3.2 Gen 2, along with the SanDisk Memory Zone app, makes it both versatile and user-friendly.
- Speed:Up to 1050/1000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Drop protection up to 3 meters, dust/water resistant (IP65)
- Connectivity:USB-C, USB 3.2 Gen 2
- Security:Password protection, hardware encryption
- Size & Portability:Compact, portable
- Additional Feature:Updated firmware for reliability
- Additional Feature:Compact with carabiner loop
- Additional Feature:Supports automatic file management
SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD with USB-C
With its blazing-fast NVMe performance reaching up to 1050MB/s read and 1000MB/s write speeds, the SanDisk 4TB Extreme Portable SSD is an ideal choice for professionals and content creators who need rapid, reliable storage on the go. Its high capacity handles large files with ease, while the rugged design offers up to 3-meter drop protection and an IP65 rating, ensuring durability against water and dust. The USB-C interface with USB 3.2 Gen 2 guarantees fast data transfers, and the built-in password protection with 256-bit AES encryption keeps your data secure. Plus, the included carabiner adds portability, making this drive perfect for active users.
- Speed:Up to 1050/1000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Drop resistant up to 3 meters, water/dust resistant (IP65)
- Connectivity:USB-C, USB 3.2 Gen 2
- Security:Password protection
- Size & Portability:Portable, rugged
- Additional Feature:Higher durability standards IP65
- Additional Feature:Rugged silicone shell
- Additional Feature:Compatible with multiple OS
Crucial X9 Pro 4TB Portable SSD for Creators
For professional creators who need reliable, high-speed storage on the go, the Crucial X9 Pro 4TB Portable SSD stands out as an excellent choice. It delivers impressive read and write speeds of up to 1050MB/s, making large file transfers and workflows seamless. Built with durability in mind, it’s IP55 water and dust resistant, drop-proof up to 7.5 feet, and includes security features like password protection. Compatibility spans Windows, Mac, and gaming consoles via USB-C or USB-A, ensuring versatile use. Plus, with bundled software for backups and photo management, it’s a dependable, all-in-one portable storage solution for creators demanding speed and security.
- Speed:Up to 1050/1050 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Drop resistant up to 7.5 ft, dust/water resistant (IP55/IP65)
- Connectivity:USB-C, USB-A
- Security:SSD password protection
- Size & Portability:Compact, lightweight
- Additional Feature:All-weather resistance IP55
- Additional Feature:Includes security features
- Additional Feature:Suitable for field work
Samsung T9 4TB Portable SSD with USB 3.2 Gen 2×2
Looking for a portable SSD that can handle demanding tasks with lightning-fast speeds? The Samsung T9 4TB Portable SSD with USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 delivers just that, offering up to 2,000MB/s read speeds. It’s perfect for quick file transfers, gaming, or professional editing without breaking a sweat. Its Dynamic Thermal Guard keeps it cool during intensive use, ensuring consistent performance. Compatibility is superb—works seamlessly with desktops, cameras, gaming consoles, and even iPhone 15 Pro Res 4K. Plus, Samsung’s trusted brand and included security features give you peace of mind, making this drive a reliable choice for heavy-duty storage needs.
- Speed:Up to 2,000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Drop resistant up to 7.5 ft, dust/water resistant (IP55/IP65)
- Connectivity:USB 3.2 Gen 2×2, USB-C
- Security:Firmware updates, encryption support
- Size & Portability:Small, portable
- Additional Feature:Thermal guard technology
- Additional Feature:Supports iPhone 15 Pro Res 4K
- Additional Feature:Includes Magician Software
ORICO 4TB External SSD with USB-C Cable
If you need a reliable external SSD that balances speed, durability, and versatility, the ORICO 4TB External SSD with USB-C Cable is an excellent choice. It offers a hefty 4TB capacity and transfer speeds up to 460MB/s, making it perfect for backing up media, documents, or presentations quickly. Its compact, lightweight design fits easily into pockets or bags, ideal for travel. Built with alloy materials and a diamond grain pattern, it’s dust and drop resistant, ensuring durability in tough environments. Compatibility spans Windows, Mac, Android, and more, with a versatile USB-C/USB-A cable included for seamless connectivity across devices.
- Speed:Up to 460 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:Dust and drop resistant, rugged design
- Connectivity:USB-C, USB-A
- Security:Data security features included
- Size & Portability:Portable, pocket-sized
- Additional Feature:Rugged alloy construction
- Additional Feature:Compatible with multiple OS
- Additional Feature:2-in-1 USB-C/USB-A cable
SanDisk 4TB Extreme PRO Portable SSD with USB4
The SanDisk 4TB Extreme PRO Portable SSD with USB4 stands out for those who need lightning-fast data transfer speeds and durable design in a portable drive. It offers impressive read speeds up to 3800 MB/s and write speeds of 3700 MB/s, making large file transfers quick and efficient. Its rugged silicone shell and forged aluminum chassis provide IP65 water and dust resistance, ensuring reliable performance in tough environments. Compatibility with USB 3.2, USB 2.0, and Thunderbolt 4 guarantees broad device support. Backed by a 5-year warranty, this drive combines high performance with durability, perfect for professionals on the move.
- Speed:Up to 3,800/3,700 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:IP65 water/dust resistant, drop resistant up to 3 meters
- Connectivity:USB-C, Thunderbolt 4, USB 3.2
- Security:Hardware encryption, password protection
- Size & Portability:Compact, rugged
- Additional Feature:Rugged silicone and aluminum
- Additional Feature:5-year warranty included
- Additional Feature:Supports Thunderbolt 4
SanDisk 4TB Extreme PRO Portable SSD with USB-C
For professionals and outdoor enthusiasts who need reliable, high-speed storage on the go, the SanDisk 4TB Extreme PRO Portable SSD with USB-C stands out as an excellent choice. It offers NVMe performance with read/write speeds up to 2000MB/s, making data transfer quick and efficient. Its rugged design features a forged aluminum chassis that acts as a heatsink, plus silicone protection for drop resistance up to 3 meters and IP65 water and dust resistance. Compact and lightweight, it includes a carabiner loop for secure attachment. With a 5-year warranty and user-friendly SanDisk Memory Zone app, this drive combines durability, speed, and convenience perfectly.
- Speed:Up to 2000 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:IP65 water/dust resistant, drop resistant up to 3 meters
- Connectivity:USB-C, USB 3.2 Gen 2
- Security:256-bit AES hardware encryption, password
- Size & Portability:Portable, rugged
- Additional Feature:Heatsink aluminum chassis
- Additional Feature:Up to 3-meter drop resistance
- Additional Feature:Rugged silicone shell
Crucial X9 4TB Portable SSD with USB-C
Designed for users who need fast, reliable storage on the go, the Crucial X9 4TB Portable SSD stands out with transfer speeds of up to 1050MB/s. I find its performance ideal for large file transfers, media editing, and backups, surpassing traditional hard drives. Built to withstand travel, it’s IP55 rated for water and dust resistance and drop-proof up to 7.5 feet, giving me peace of mind in various conditions. Compatibility is seamless across Windows, Mac, gaming consoles, and more, thanks to USB-C and USB-A support. Its ample 4TB capacity and included backup software make it a versatile, dependable choice for both work and play.
- Speed:Up to 3,800/3,700 MB/s
- Capacity:4TB
- Resistance/Durability:IP65 water/dust resistance, forged aluminum chassis
- Connectivity:USB-C, Thunderbolt 4, USB 3.2
- Security:Data protection with hardware encryption
- Size & Portability:Small, lightweight
- Additional Feature:Designed for casual users
- Additional Feature:Includes backup software
- Additional Feature:Drop resistant up to 7.5 ft
Factors to Consider When Choosing an External SSD 4TB USB-C

When choosing an external SSD 4TB USB-C, I focus on transfer speed to guarantee quick file transfers, along with durability to withstand daily use. Compatibility with my devices and security features for data protection are also key factors I consider. Additionally, I look at storage capacity and resistance features to match my specific needs and ensure long-term reliability.
Transfer Speed Capabilities
Transfer speed capabilities are a key factor to contemplate because they determine how quickly you can move large files or back up data. High-performance models can reach read and write speeds of 2,100MB/s or more, drastically reducing wait times. USB-C interfaces like USB 3.2 Gen 2 and USB4 support faster data transfer rates, often exceeding 10Gbps, which enhances performance. Achieving maximum speeds also depends on the host device supporting UASP, optimizing data flow. However, real-world transfer speeds can vary due to factors like cable quality, device compatibility, and system performance. Faster transfer speeds make tasks like media editing, backups, and large file transfers more efficient, saving you time and boosting productivity. Prioritizing speed ensures smoother, quicker data handling.
Durability and Resistance
Durability and resistance are essential factors to take into account because your external SSD needs to withstand daily wear and unpredictable conditions. An SSD with water and dust resistance, like IP65, can handle harsh environments, protecting your data outdoors or in rugged settings. Drop resistance ratings, such as surviving falls from 6 to nearly 10 feet, help prevent data loss during accidental impacts. Rugged outer shells made of elastomer or reinforced materials add shock absorption and physical protection, ensuring the drive remains functional despite rough handling. These features collectively boost confidence that your external SSD can endure demanding situations. Choosing a model with high resistance ratings means your data stays safe, even when faced with the unexpected, making durability a key factor in your decision.
Compatibility Options
Choosing the right external SSD 4TB USB-C requires ensuring compatibility with your device’s hardware and operating system. First, verify that the drive supports USB-C and is compatible with your OS—Windows, macOS, Linux, or Android. Next, check if it supports USB 3.2 Gen 2 or higher to maximize transfer speeds and future-proof your setup. If you have Thunderbolt or USB4 support, confirm the drive is compatible to *unlock* full performance potential. Also, confirm whether the drive includes the necessary cables—USB-C to USB-C or USB-C to USB-A—for your device connections. *Lastly*, consider your device’s firmware and driver support, which *ensures* seamless operation and reliable performance across different platforms. Compatibility is key to getting the most from your external SSD.
Storage and Capacity
A 4TB external SSD offers plenty of space for storing large files like high-resolution videos, extensive photo collections, and software backups. This capacity allows me to keep multiple projects or data sets without constantly deleting or offloading files, making my workflow more efficient. When choosing a 4TB SSD, I consider whether the capacity exceeds my current needs to accommodate future data growth. It’s also important to verify if the drive maintains high transfer speeds at this capacity, as larger storage can sometimes impact performance. Ensuring the capacity aligns with my usage patterns helps optimize storage management and prevents bottlenecks. Ultimately, a well-chosen 4TB SSD provides the balance of ample storage and reliable performance I need for everyday use and professional projects.
Security Features
When selecting a 4TB external SSD, security features should be at the top of your checklist to keep your data safe. Look for drives with 256-bit AES hardware encryption, which safeguards your data during transfer and storage. Password protection is essential to prevent unauthorized access, so choose models that include this feature. Some drives also support automatic encryption or come with secure file management software for extra peace of mind. Compatibility with your device’s security protocols, such as biometric access, can further enhance protection. Additionally, check if the SSD offers firmware updates that improve security and patch vulnerabilities over time. Prioritizing these features helps ensure your sensitive data remains protected against theft or breaches.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Does SSD Durability Vary Under Different Environmental Conditions?
SSD durability can change a lot depending on environmental conditions. I’ve noticed that heat and humidity can cause faster wear or even data loss, while extreme cold might influence performance temporarily. Shock and vibration are also risky, so I always keep my SSD in a stable, cool place. Protecting it from moisture and sudden impacts helps guarantee it stays reliable longer, no matter where I use it.
Are There Specific Security Features Available on 4TB USB-C SSDS?
Yes, many 4TB USB-C SSDs come with security features like hardware encryption, password protection, and biometric access. These features help safeguard your data from unauthorized access, giving you peace of mind. I always look for drives with AES 256-bit encryption and secure access options, because protecting sensitive information is vital. When choosing an SSD, make sure it offers the security features that match your needs for data privacy.
What Is the Typical Lifespan of a 4TB External SSD?
A 4TB external SSD typically lasts around 5 to 10 years, depending on usage and care. I’ve found that frequent read/write cycles can wear down the drive over time, but with proper handling and avoiding excessive data transfers, it can serve you reliably for years. Regular backups and keeping the firmware updated also help extend its lifespan. So, with careful use, your SSD should stay dependable for quite a while.
How Do Firmware Updates Impact SSD Performance and Reliability?
Firmware updates markedly boost an SSD’s performance and reliability. When I update my drive’s firmware, I notice improvements like faster data transfer speeds, enhanced stability, and better error correction. These updates fix bugs, optimize hardware functions, and sometimes add new features. I always keep my SSD’s firmware current to guarantee it runs smoothly, stays reliable, and maximizes lifespan. Regular updates are essential for maintaining peak performance over time.
Can These SSDS Be Used for Professional Video Editing Workflows?
Absolutely, these SSDs are like reliable workhorses in my editing toolkit. They handle 4K and even 8K footage with ease, ensuring smooth playback and quick transfers. Their fast USB-C connection feels like a direct highway to my workstation, minimizing lag. For professional video editing, they’re dependable companions, providing the speed and reliability I need to keep creative projects flowing seamlessly.
Conclusion
Choosing the right 4TB USB-C external SSD can boost your productivity and safeguard your data. Did you know that the global external SSD market is projected to grow at a CAGR of over 20% through 2026? With options like rugged, water-resistant, and ultra-fast drives, there’s something for everyone. I hope this guide helps you find the perfect match for your needs—because reliable storage isn’t just a luxury, it’s a necessity today.












